Introduction. Convulsion is a dangerous occurrence in pediatric disease that requires immediately intervention. It is one of the common causes of referring children to emergency room and must be controlled as soon as possible for prevention of systemic complications and the brain damages. We compared the effect of intravenous (IV) versus rectal diazepam in control of convulsion in children.Methods. Study group included eighty patients with seizure (from 3 months to 12 years old). Forty patients received rectal diazepam and other ones received diazepam intravenously.Results. The convulsion was controlled with rectal diazepam in less than 5 minutes (N diazepam less than 2 minutes) and this method was not difficult even for parents.Discussion. Control of convulsion less than one minute has no relation to the route of diazepam administration. The important factors for control of seizure are dose of diazepam and the prompt use of it after seizure.

In this study likely effects of water in oil (w/o) emulsion versus acute administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on induction and synchronization of ovulation in rainbow trout were examined. GnRHa was diluted in physiological saline (PS) or propylene glycol (PG) and mixed with equal volume of Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (GnRHa-FIA). All fish received 0.5 ml intraperitoneal injections. Dose of hormone in all groups was 25mg/kg-1 except control fish which received physiological saline. All fish injected with PS diluted GnRHa, combined with adjuvant or in two injections protocol ovulated 10 and 11 days after injection respectively. In contrast only 75% in control fish and 60% of fish with an acute injection of pure GnRHa ovulated up to 36 days after injection. In fish injected with PG diluted GnRHa combined with adjuvant ovulation percentage reached to 87% until the end of experiment compared to 100% ovulation for fish injected twice with PG diluted GnRHa. Fertilization, eyeing and hatching percentages were normal in all treatment groups and did not differ significantly among groups (P>0.05). None of treatments caused any pre or post-spawning mortality. In conclusion, combination of physiological diluted GnRHa with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (GnRHa-FIA) was effective in advancing the onset of ovulation, synchronizing the ovulation of treated fish and shortening the reproductive period, relative to control or acute GnRHa injected group (P<0.05). GnRHa-FIA did not affect egg quality or cause any mortality in the treated broodstock.

Way-finding in an urban environment can be performed with gathering information. The required information includes the direction or location of the origin point2, the final destination3 and the paths connecting them. Sufficient environmental information eases the decision making process when selecting a route. Routing refers to the situation when different factors are effective in determining the direction of which can be indicators of buildings, street signs, maps, number of intersections, color, architectural styles and noted the coordinates ways. Men and women because of their way-finding differences use different physical parameters to determine the route. Individual and environmental differences of paths are important to discover how they are effective in the way-finding. This paper explains how in different paths, men and women select the route by gathering environmental information and how they differ in utilizing visual cues in way-finding. This study was performed based on descriptive - analytical methods. The qualitative method of questionnaire survey accompanied with images of the environment is used for collecting the required data. The population size equal to 300 men and women on Imam Reza (AS), Imam Khomeini, and University street are analyzed with the Cochrane formula. In each street, 50 questionnaires were answered by women and 50 by men. According to the results of this study, the way-finding is done differently by men and women as they use different visual elements when they are moving in various paths. Men usually pay more attention to the passages whereas signs attract more attention from women. When it comes to use the passages, men choose the routes by counting the crossings while women do it by name signs of the passages. For routing, the observer receives information from the receiver and analyzes the information while trying to find a destination. On the other hand, in this study, different people received different information from the environment.Therefore, environmental characteristics of the individual, in male and female is different. Using a variety of factors guide the decision-making process for choosing the path, leads to different routing patterns in men and women. Another difference between men and women in way-finding is in their attention to the different characteristics of landmarks.Women in routing pay more attention to the signs and elements while men pay more attention to elements such as roads and directions which are given coordinated. Men locate the landmarks with higher stages and in longer distances, more easily. On the other hand, women find the closer landmarks with lower stages, easier. Men in detection and diagnosis of destinations and locations rotate and change direction more easily than women. Color walls in urban space are one of the important factors determining the direction and guidance for women. Women during routing pay attention to wall painting as a guide to determine their destinations. Men prefer the routes in the routing process to pass complex direct routes. Men usually prefer to use different paths to reach the same origin, while women prefer always the same path to reach an origin. Walls are another visual cue in way-finding that men and women pay attention to its features, differently. Usually, men note modern buildings with predominant colors of white and gray; while, women look at older buildings with predominant colors of cream and brown. Men are attracted more to buildings with modern architecture as a guide to determine the course of their choice, while women prefer old buildings and historical consideration for determining the route. Moreover, murals as public art in urban space are considered. There graffiti in urban areas as a guide for users of the environment is favorable. The results show that only women used a graffiti as a guide in routing. The results show the importance of the physical layer based on gender and its importance in the minds of users. Men and women in urban areas are facing with different shapes and forms in routing. Men often are attracted by modern buildings, the curve of upper classes and regular forms of attention. In contrast, women are attracted in old buildings, linear forms, different forms of irregular fields and forms. On the other hand, women prefer buildings with various functions such as: religious, tourism - entertainment, commercial and educational. Most of these buildings have warm colors – like brown, the color that leads to increase the confidence in routing process to choose the right path. Women prefer colors to distinguish between buildings with their surrounding environment as well as the distinction which leads to an increased readability.

Introduction: Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been under consideration due to its desired properties for preparing dental restorations. The aim of this research was to produce the YSZ nano powder via sol-gel rout.Materials and methods: The present research was an experimental study and in vitro evaluation. Appropriate amount of zirconium oxide chloride, ZrOC12.8H2O, and yttrium nitrate, Y (NO3)3.6H2O, to reach 3mol% yttrium oxide in final product, were mixed in anhydrous ethanol ona magnetic stirrer. After drying the obtained gel at 50oC, it was calcined at 600oC for 1, 2 and 3hours. Phase identification, particle size and distribution determination, functional group identification and micro structural investigation were performed using XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR techniques.Results: Results revealed that the tetragonal zirconia phase nano powder has been obtained. Crystallite size of the powder was about 20 nm and the size of particles was about 80 nm. The optimum temperature and time for calcimine process was 600ºC and 3 hours, respectively.Conclusion: The obtained Yttria stabilized zirconia with special characteristics duo to nano scale structure, could be a desired biomaterials for preparing dental restorations such as inlay, on lay, post and core, crown, and bridges in dentistry.

Spatial experience is the ability of comprehending relation between real world’ s objects, spaces and areas and can be acquired after several years of learning and experience by the expert persons. This experience leads to generating spatial knowledge and can be helpful in making high accuracy, realistic and in accordance with reality decisions. Therefore, using some methods for storing and reusing this experiment and preventing the exit of experiences from organizations is necessary. In this research, different experience modeling methods such as semantic networks, rules, logic and ontology are investigated and due to the advantages of ontology method in comparison with other methods, this modeling method is chosen for proposing an algorithm for storing spatial experiences in urban route finding. In this regard, first, an ontology model is created with the taxi routes in Tehran city. Then, this ontology model is used for route finding and its results compared with Dikjestra’ s algorithm at peak traffic times. The results show that although the route lengths of ontology based route finding algorithm are longer than route lengths of Dikjestra’ s algorithm but its travel times are lower and in some routes the difference between travel times reaches to 10 minutes.

Radial artrey is one of the two terminal branches of brachial artery. It descends along the lateral side of the foream to the wrist where it curls posterolaterally round the carpus, deep to the snuff box, to reach the proximal end of the first intermetcarpal space where it dips in the palm and crosses medially to form the deep palmar arch with the deep branch of the ulnar artery. In the process of the dissection in this department , a very rare case of the complex variations was observed in the route and branches of radial artery in the right hand of a male cadaver: a) Crossing of the radial artery on the superficial part of the snuff box b) Bifurcating of it before dipping into the palm c) Arising of the princips pollicis and radilais indicis from superficial palmar arch.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works